Physics below the atomic scale (<10^-10 m), such as nuclear physics, elementary particle physics, and their applications to the early Universe (within 3 min. after the Big Bang).
Although the standard model (SM) of particle physics is consistent with almost all ground-based experimental data, it cannot resolve cosmological issues such as the origin of the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the Universe and the existence of dark matter. Nor can neutrino oscillations be explained by the SM since neutrinos have no mass. Such tangible evidence for new physics demands an extension of the SM.
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